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Surf Scoters, one of the 15 extant species of sea ducks.

This year’s new Student Fellowship Awardees are: 

Caroline Blommel – University of Washington

Project Title: Harvest assessments for sustainable management of surf scoters wintering in Washington State

Proposal Summary: As part of her larger PhD dissertation, Caroline is proposing to develop a simulation-based analytical framework for evaluating the long-term impact of a range of harvest regulations on the Washington Surf Scoter population. She will then incorporate new estimates of abundance, harvest, and survival garnered from partners and other chapters of her dissertation to update the framework. These results will be valuable for decision making by waterfowl managers and are clearly linked to SDJV priorities. 

Chandler Garcia – University of Texas El Paso

Project Title: Evolutionary history of extinct Labrador Duck using whole-genome approach

Proposal Summary: As part of his Ph.D. dissertation, Chandler will conduct a population-level nuclear genomic study of the Labrador Duck to test whether it represents a distinct evolutionary lineage within Tribe Mergini or if its genome reflects an ancient admixture event. He is testing the hypothesis that the Labrador Duck represents a small, remnant hybrid population which led to its extinction (or simply was a small hybrid population doomed from the start). The results will provide insight into historical gene flow and demographic processes shaped genomic and evolutionary patterns in Tribe Mergini (sea ducks). 

Geneviève Gauthier – Université Sainte-Anne

Project Title: Survival, Breeding-site Fidelity and Breeding Dispersal in Red-breasted Mergansers: Evaluating Causes and Consequences Using Live Recapture and Dead Recovery Data

Proposal Summary:  Geneviève’s Master’s project aims to estimate survival, breeding site fidelity and breeding dispersal in a colony of Red-breasted Mergansers in New Brunswick, using a combination of live recapture and dead recovery data gathered from 1992 – 2025. Genevieve will evaluate the roles of reproductive success, female age, body condition and conspecific brood parasitism on demographic rates. She also aims to determine effects of breeding dispersal on subsequent breeding phenology and success. 

Steele Grasza – Queen’s University 

Project Title: Genomic Health and Disease Resilience in Northern Common Eiders: Expanding Whole-Genome Analyses to Understand Avian Cholera Impacts

Project Summary: This Master’s project aims to quantify genomic health, including inbreeding, evolutionary constraint, and mutational load, of Common Eiders using whole-genome sequencing. Steele will compare metrics between birds that survived the 2006 Arctic Canada avian cholera outbreak, birds that died, and those post-outbreak to determine if disease-driven selection has taken place. This will establish genomic health indicators that could be used to evaluate population vulnerability of other populations. The results will clarify whether genomic health indicators can be incorporated into long-term monitoring and conservation strategies, and may help anticipate future eider population responses to diseases. 

Mairin Murphy – Colorado State University

Project Title: Investigating Nesting and Predator Ecology of Sea Ducks on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta to Identify Mechanisms of Decline

Proposal Summary: Objectives of this Ph.D.project include determining factors contributing to Common Eider, Spectacled Eider, and Brant nest success on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, where breeding populations of eiders are declining. Mairin will evaluate the relative importance of predation by different predator species, incubation strategies, and changing predator diet on reproductive parameters of eiders. This project will focus on a high-priority species for the SDJV (Common Eider) in an important waterfowl production area under threat from rapid climate change.

The Sea Duck Joint Venture Student Fellowship Program was created in 2022 with the goal of increasing the number of skilled early career professionals interested in sea duck conservation. Students pursuing a M.S. or Ph.D. degree at a U.S. or Canadian university with a research focus on sea duck management, conservation, or science, are eligible to apply. Master’s students are eligible for one year of funding and Ph.D. students are eligible for two years of funding. In addition to this year’s awardees, the Student Fellowship Program has previously supported 13 students. We cannot wait to see what this year’s student fellows discover!

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Pair of Common Eider in flight. Credit: Shiloh Schulte / USFWS

Prior Research on Hunting Trends and Common Eiders

Prior research has analyzed the impact of hunting, climate change, and habitat loss on Common Eider populations. Between 2001 and 2006, Russian researchers Dr. Konstantin Klokov (St. Petersburg State University) and Dr. Evgeny Syroechkovskiy (BirdsRussia) led surveys in the province of Chukotka focused on eider hunting and egg harvesting. In 2011, Dr. Martin Robards and colleagues at the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) convened an experts working group to analyze the vulnerability of Arctic birds to climate change and found Common Eiders at the top of the list. While climate-driven habitat loss is a key threat to eiders, the WCS team also wanted to build upon the earlier Russian surveys to understand how contemporary hunting impacts eider populations across their range. 

Map depicting surveyed settlements. “1” corresponds to settlements surveyed between 2001 – 2006. “2” corresponds to settlements surveyed in 2023. “3” corresponds to settlements that were surveyed both between 2001 – 2006 and in 2023. Credit: Konstantin Klokov / WCS

After 20 years, the Russian monitoring surveys that concluded in 2006 needed to be updated. Klokov and Syroechkovskiy teamed up with Robards and Dr. Eugenia Bragina (WCS) to develop a new round of hunting surveys in the same areas previously surveyed to understand how hunting pressure had changed over time. Syroechkovskiy had also recognized limitations in the statistical analysis of his original project. Consequently, the team brought in Dr. Liliana Naves (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, or ADF&G), who led hunting surveys for ADF&G’s Division of Subsistence and could bring that experience to the analysis of Russian hunting data.

Research Continued Through SDJV Project #164

This new project sought to develop a methodology and implementation plan for estimating harvest of Common Eiders in eastern Russia, including its magnitude, the distribution of hunting pressure, and observations of how hunting trends have changed over time. The project developed a survey tool for implementation by BirdsRussia. The Sea Duck Joint Venture, along with other partners, contributed funding to support this project.

Helicopters and all-terrain vehicles were needed to access reindeer herders in the Russian tundra. Credit: Konstantin Klokov / WCS

The research team surveyed three districts in Chukotka – Chukotsky, Lultinsky and Providensky. As the project developed, they received additional funding to survey Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) and Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) in areas of Bulunsky and Nizhnekolymski Districts in the neighboring province of Yakutia. Surveying remote communities is logistically challenging and people can be hesitant to share information. Thus, the development of a new hunting survey was a complex process. Specific changes included random sampling instead of targeting hunters only, surveying other commonly harvested species rather than just one species, examining egg harvesting, and including a variety of photos of each species.

Results of the 2023 Hunting Survey

The  “yaranga” is the traditional reindeer-hide tent of some nomadic Indigenous peoples in Russia, seen here next to an all-terrain vehicle. Credit: Konstantin Klokov / WCS

Overall, the research team found that, since the original survey, the number of bird hunters has declined dramatically and the average number of birds harvested per hunter, per species, has decreased. Aligned with this, they learned that the average harvest of Steller’s, Spectacled, and Common Eiders decreased multifold in the last two decades. In particular, although Common Eider is still one of the most popular species to harvest, recent harvest estimates are 5.5 times smaller compared with the 2000s. Harvest estimates for Long-Tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), Brant Goose (Branta bernicla), and Emperor Goose (Anser canagicus) also declined multifold. For example, for all three districts in Chukotka, about 1,000 Emperor Geese were harvested annually in Chukotka in the 2000s but only around 150 are harvested annually today. Harvest of Bean Goose (Anser fabalis), Lesser White-Fronted Goose (Anser erythropus), and Greater White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) stayed the same or increased.

Uelen, one of the villages surveyed in Chukotka, Russia. Credit: Konstantin Klokov / WCS

Many hunters shared that they hunt less because local development has increased access to other food sources and because it is difficult for them to obtain all necessary hunting permits, weapons, ammunition, and other supplies. Often, obtaining the required licenses involves costly long-distance travel, which limits participation. Some hunters suggested reassessing hunting regulations for remote, Indigenous communities to reduce these burdens. Other hunters shared that they believe eiders are declining or have moved, and that goose populations are higher than before, causing them to shift towards hunting geese over eiders. However, the lack of past monitoring efforts may have also influenced the baseline data and results.

Collaboration at a Flyway Scale

This study offers a broader understanding of both hunting pressure and the significance of hunting to communities in Chukotka and Yakutia, Russia. This information can be used to improve conservation efforts, management practices, and endangered species regulations for American, Russian, and Canadian partners. It is directly relevant to the Arctic Council’s Arctic Migratory Bird Initiative as part of their interest in understanding hunting on the Circumpolar Flyway. Going forward, the research team hopes to expand their surveys geographically to understand how hunting pressures impact eider populations across their range.

Both Robards and Bragina emphasize the importance of collaboration at a flyway scale. Despite the challenges, working across borders to address shared conservation and harvest goals is critical for the survival of migratory species like eiders. Robards and Bragina hope that this project will prompt further research, or even a long-term monitoring program, between American, Canadian, and Russian partners.

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The Sea Duck colony at the Eastern Ecological Science Center in Laurel, MD, is the only facility of its kind in the United States. Pictured are two male and one female Common Eiders floating in their pond.

The Eastern Ecological Science Center (EESC), formerly the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, is one of the 15 science centers within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Ecosystems Mission Area. The Science Centers are vital partners in sea duck conservation and management, using their scientific capabilities to address questions critical for sea duck management. 

One way EESC supports sea duck research is through the use of their unique facilities, which include a flock of captive sea ducks, dive tanks, and husbandry expertise that fosters breeding of the captive birds. These capabilities allowed researchers at EESC, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Massachusetts Boston (UMassB), and the University of Rhode Island (URI) to develop a research project focused on understanding how avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) affect sea ducks, and how an outbreak in these species may impact management.

Avian influenza is not new – it has been circulating in wild birds for years. However, these viruses were historically observed primarily in dabbling duck species such as Mallards, with some sea ducks believed to be less impacted to a lesser degree. This changed in the winter of 2021/2022, when a new strain of HPAI (Clade 2.3.4.4.b H5N1) entered North America. This strain impacted a larger range of species than ever before, including sea ducks, and has often resulted in large-scale mortalities.

While the number of sea duck mortalities from HPAI appeared to decline in some areas since the initial infection, potentially due to immunity from exposure, the virus remains a concern for the health of these species. However, the remote nature of some sea duck breeding sites means it is difficult for managers to access areas of likely mortality, resulting in limited data on this important issue.

Inspired to take action to understand how HPAI impacts sea ducks, researchers at the EESC developed a 2-year, multi-partner challenge study. They aim to investigate the mortality rate of HPAI, how long birds are infected and can shed the virus, and how they behave overall when infected. This project has a special emphasis on juvenile birds who may be particularly vulnerable in the wild. For this part of the study, they will work with juvenile Common Eiders and Surf Scoters.

Surf Scoter ducklings hatched at the U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center’s captive sea duck colony. This colony serves as a unique resource, enabling wide-ranging research on wild sea duck species. These ducklings will be part of a collaborative study to understand the impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

Only labs with specific security levels can conduct research with viruses like HPAI, one being St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. So, to Memphis the birds will go! Once at St. Jude, the birds will be exposed to HPAI in a highly controlled environment. All of the work will be done using a wild-harvested HPAI strain, stored securely in a national repository. The study will last three weeks, during which the team at St. Jude will closely monitor the birds and collect data, including blood and fecal samples that can be used to understand changes in animal health. After the study period, they will work with EESC, URI, and UMassB to analyze the data.

Additionally, the research team will study the RNA of both the host (eider and scoter) and the virus to look at which parts of the immune system are activated at each stage of infection. They can then compare the responses in infected versus uninfected individuals and identify any sub-lethal impacts of infection, like weight loss, that may have long-term effects on animal health and survival. This can also help them understand if mortality is due to the virus alone or because of these sub-lethal effects. Sublethal effects can have a huge impact on birds, and in sea ducks, cause hens to potentially skip breeding, which has major implications on long-term population viability. This will help wildlife managers understand how big a threat the virus is to wild eiders and scoters, and if they are at risk of major mortality events like in the past. It can also help inform overall population estimates and provide a better understanding of the species’ health, which can inform conservation and harvest management decisions.

Above: Ducklings born in the Sea Duck colony at the Eastern Ecological Science Center in Laurel, MD, are housed in a separate building. The ducklings receive round-the-clock care.
Below: The Sea Duck colony at the Eastern Ecological Science Center in Laurel, MD, is the only facility of its kind in the United States. Pictured are White-winged Scoters on the edge of their pond.

The team also hopes these data can eventually be used as a comparison point for field data to help show what stage of infection a wild bird is at the time of sampling. This is an important piece of understanding the changing ecology of HPAI in the wild and can be used to complement additional studies, such as those conducted by EESC and partners, to pair field sampling and telemetry studies on understudied species. EESC strives for a holistic picture of host ecology to inform the assumptions that go into transmission risk models for wild and domestic species. This unique collaboration also highlights the importance of the EESC in conservation, management, and research.

In addition to the questions above, the EESC was able to provide St. Jude with animal husbandry expertise and captive sea ducks, and in return, St. Jude laboratory space is allowing this study to be performed. Ultimately, both institutions and funders like the Sea Duck Joint Venture will gain important information on HPAI that can be used by waterfowl managers and pave the way for future collaborative studies!

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Harlequin Duck, Credit: NPS, Jacob W. Frank

Harlequin Ducks can be found across North America, split into two distinct populations, one on the West Coast and one on the East Coast. In the west, the species nest in remote, mountainous, rushing streams in dense forests from Alaska to southern Oregon and extending inland to Montana and Wyoming. After breeding, they migrate to rocky shorelines along the north Pacific coast, where they molt and winter. The remote nature of these habitats makes the species difficult to study, resulting in gaps in scientists’ understanding of their breeding ecology, populations, and movement patterns.

Small breeding populations in many states and Canadian provinces have also led to the western population being identified as a sensitive species/species of greatest concern in British Columbia, Alberta, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon, Washington, Oregon, California, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. A clear need for additional information on the population dynamics of the species among their breeding, molting, wintering, and staging areas emerged as conservation entities across the West began considering how to manage the species best and improve Harlequin Duck population health. 

Existing data on Harlequin Duck movement consists primarily of capture-mark-recapture and radio telemetry studies. Most of these studies are limited in their geographic extent and don’t offer the same degree of detail into the species’ movement characteristics as continuous tracking technology such as satellite telemetry. Only a handful of satellite telemetry studies have been conducted on Harlequin Ducks, mostly focused on the eastern North American population. In an effort to help fill existing data gaps for the western population, Andrew Annanie, a graduate student at Western Washington University, brought together colleagues and satellite telemetry datasets from multiple states and Canadian provinces to use as the basis for his thesis on large-scale Harlequin Duck migration ecology and connectivity across western North America.

After earning his Bachelor’s degree from the University of Washington in 2012, Andrew worked for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife as a seasonal technician for several years, participating in a variety of fisheries, waterfowl, and seabird-related projects. Afterwards, he worked for the Quinault Indian Nation, where he did a diversity of field biology work on waterfowl, large predators, elk, mountain goats, sea otters, and most importantly, video surveys for breeding Harlequin Ducks.

This eventually led to his master’s project, supervised by Dr. John Bower, Dr. John McLaughlin, Dr. Sean Boyd, and Joe Evanson, with significant contributions provided by Kate Martin of the Sea Duck Joint Venture and David Douglas of the USGS. The primary goals of the study were to document Harlequin Duck populations and compare their migration timing, migratory connectivity, and how geographic and climate variables affect their migration timing. The study also looked at how loyal birds were to specific breeding, moulting, wintering, and stopover sites, and looked at how long breeding pairs were separated, where they separated and reunited, and how much time they spent together versus apart. The project incorporated three different satellite telemetry datasets: one from British Columbia, one from Alberta, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming, and a historical dataset collected from Alaska. In total, the study included data from 136 birds, making this the largest study on the topic in terms of sample size and geographic extent. 

Using a combination of spatial and statistical analysis techniques, the research team found that Harlequin Duck migration timing varied based on factors such as the sex of the ducks, the region where they breed or were captured, and local environmental conditions. They also found evidence of a clear timeline among breeding regions for breeding arrival, breeding departure, moulting arrival, and wintering departure dates. 

Specifically, ducks from the Cascade and Olympic Mountains and Vancouver Island arrived and left their breeding sites earlier than those from the Rocky Mountains and Mackenzie Mountains. Additionally, factors such as geographic location, elevation, the distance traveled, and local weather conditions significantly influenced the timing of each migratory stage – breeding, wintering, and molting, especially when it came to the dates they arrive at and leave their breeding sites. 

Interestingly, the study also found that birds from the same breeding region had a more consistent, structured migration timing compared to those from the same wintering region. This suggests that the location where they breed affects their migration schedule more than where they spend the winter across multiple life stages. The team believes this is partially because the breeding season is shorter for birds nesting at higher elevations and/or more northern latitudes, which tend to have a smaller window where breeding conditions are favorable.

Further, they found migratory connectivity was low among the different life stages of the duck – breeding, moulting, and wintering. This indicates that ducks from various areas mixed as they moved between life stages. While some past studies have speculated on this, Andrew’s work is the first to show this directly.

The findings also highlight that the specificity of breeding timing may be cause for concern, as climate shifts have been altering weather patterns and habitat availability in breeding areas. Understanding these migration patterns can help scientists identify key habitats for Harlequin Ducks and inform region-specific management. Additionally, the research underscores the importance of wintering habitats for all western populations of Harlequins, as individuals from several breeding areas can gather in one wintering area. Losses or changes in these habitats could have major impacts on the overall health of the population. 

Andrew shared that some of the best parts of the project were the collaborations – around eight organizations were involved in his master’s research, and that network and technical support were critical to his success. He also emphasized how grateful he is to the SDJV for the financial support, but also to the community and the feedback that came with the grant. 

He recently completed his project and graduated with his master’s degree from Western Washington University, and has moved on to a job with the Puyallup Tribe as an Environmental Permit Reviewer and Coordinator. Going forward, he hopes to do more wildlife biology and would love to continue working with waterfowl.

Further work on Harlequin ducks is also already underway, with SDJV Student Fellow Rob Blenk using genomics to look for evidence of genetic structuring in Harlequin Ducks between interior and coastal populations, and birds from different wintering and breeding regions on the West coast. Thanks to Andrew and other partners, Rob has been able to use existing tissue samples harvested across the region.

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For years, scientists have approached sea duck population monitoring partially through aerial surveys using small planes and observers. In these surveys, an experienced scientist scans the water from a small plane flying close to the water’s surface, counting flock sizes and identifying species, if possible.

One of the planes that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) uses to complete aerial imagery surveys. Photo: Kate Martin

In places like the San Francisco Bay, these surveys provide a critical look into waterfowl populations. Many species use the bay and other estuaries along the Pacific as overwintering spots, and the open bay provides a centralized location for near-shore surveys. Since 1955, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and collaborators have conducted mid-winter aerial surveys here to evaluate species distribution and estimate population abundance to understand sea duck and other waterfowl species responses to oil spills, energy development, weather patterns, and other changing conditions.

In recent years, the USFWS moved away from conducting these surveys, and the USGS, along with other partners, has taken on the role of conducting and improving them. Many factors contribute to the overall shift away from aerial observer surveys – the surveys require small, low-flying planes, which present safety and logistical issues and are costly to use. Further, differences in methodology, observers, and experience level can cause data bias and differences in the detection probability of the birds. 

Researchers Dr. Susan De La Cruz and Ms. Tanya Graham, alongside a coalition of partners in Washington state, USGS Western Ecological Research Center, the SDJV, and more, shared about how they are working to standardize survey methods along the entire West Coast as part of an SDJV-funded research project. Dr. De La Cruz is a research wildlife biologist with USGS, where for 30 years her work has focused on habitat, migration, and foraging ecology of sea ducks and waterbirds. Ms. Graham has been a biologist with the USGS Western Ecological Research Center for 15 years, where she manages wetland restoration and monitoring projects in addition to supporting aerial mid-winter survey efforts since 2012. 

The main goals of the project are to develop a standardized aerial photographic survey for the Pacific Coast that will identify sea ducks within waterfowl flocks. Focal species include the Barrow’s Goldeneye, Harlequin Duck, Long-tailed Duck, Black Scoter, Surf Scoter, and White-winged Scoter. To do this, the team will use a standardized digital aerial survey that automates bird counts from aerial imagery using a previously developed mathematical model. This approach maximizes safety and will improve data consistency and model accuracy, leading to better estimates of sea duck abundance and species composition at key sites on the Pacific Coast. 

Rather than building a new model, they will modify an existing one initially developed by Dr. Josh Adams of USGS and his colleagues for seabirds, so a large part of the project will be retraining the model to identify sea duck shapes using new photos. Sea ducks are often larger than seabirds and differ more in color, wing shape, and size, which will help make them easier to identify. Setting up the survey cameras on the planes is also a delicate art. Biologists at the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife have researched and tested camera mount angles, ideal elevations for the plane, and how to maximize photo area coverage without overlapping images and counting birds twice.

Left: Plane camera setup mid-flight. Photo: Tanya Graham
Right: Joe Evenson showing the camera and imaging setup inside a WDFW plane. Photo: Kate Martin

Thus far, the team has completed two sets of imaging flights, in December 2024 and February 2025, collecting over 84,000 images. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife is also collecting imagery to help train the model. To date, they have run over 31,000 images through the first pass of the model. The team then uses these photos to train, correct, and retest the model. For each photo, both biologists and the model count the number of birds observed and separate them into groups – dabbling ducks, diving ducks, and sea ducks. By surveying areas with a diversity of species, flock sizes, and habitats, they strengthen the model and can continue to improve it over time. They have completed training with 30,000 photos and are working through the next set. In addition to training the new model, they are also still completing the traditional observer surveys, flying the same transects as before to continue the ongoing dataset as they test the new image-based surveys. 

Left: Aerial survey photo taken in Monterey Bay, CA, on February 21, 2024. A flock of scoters is visible in the upper left corner of the photo. Photo: Tanya Graham. Right: Zoomed-in portion of the photo to the left, to showcase the image quality and the flock of scoters. 

Improved survey methods mean more reliable and accurate population estimates for these elusive birds. Due to survey difficulties, there is little understanding of what fraction of sea duck populations rely on habitats on the coast outside of estuaries. These new methods will help remedy this and provide baseline data and monitoring for potential wind turbine projects, in the face of oil spills and other disasters, and for conservation planning by Migratory Bird Habitat Joint Ventures in the region. 

There are around two years left of the project, primarily focused on taking photos and refining the model. Both Dr. De La Cruz and Ms. Graham emphasized how critical collaboration has been to the success of this project – no one group could complete these surveys and rebuild the model alone. Only through working with state, federal, NGO, and other partners have they been able to accomplish this large-scale project. 

A global unified survey model and methodology are key products of this project. But outside of this, the team is also forming an advisory group with partners to better understand survey needs, use cases, and future directions and plans to conduct additional surveys in the Salish Sea and San Francisco Bay, two key sea duck sites. At completion, the team will have developed a standardized digital aerial survey methodology, an extensive public, annotated image library, and a fine-tuned model for Pacific Flyway sea ducks. We can’t wait to see how the rest of the project unfolds! You can learn more about the project and see project update reports here.

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